Comparison of 4th and 5th generation district heating systems

In a pursuit to increase the efficiency of district heating system there has been continuous focus reduce operating temperatures. This led current state art systems, commonly referred as 4th generation heating, also known low temperature (LTDH). The success LTDH fuelled lot research interest in energy one new topics focusing on reducing temperatures down ambient (ATDH), 5th heating. these systems supply is insufficient for fulfilling demands connected buildings, which then requires end-user located heat pumps raise level required by buildings. As today, number ATDH have realized part various projects. question however remains if brings additional benefits compared LTDH. paper compares levelized cost from two types countries with different climate zones. results analysis indicate that favourable solution both countries.